First commit: Basic logic and implementation.
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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"""
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简易三角形康奈尔盒渲染器（递归反射版本）
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特性：
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- 只用三角形面片构建场景（墙面、灯、两个盒子）
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- Camera 视口被视为一个平面（理论上可拆成两个三角形）
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- 漫反射表面：不递归，直接光照
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- 镜面（金属）表面：递归反射，模拟金属反射
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- 输出 PPM 图片：cornell.ppm
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"""
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import math
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# ======================
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# 基础向量运算
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# ======================
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def v_add(a, b):
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return (a[0] + b[0], a[1] + b[1], a[2] + b[2])
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def v_sub(a, b):
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return (a[0] - b[0], a[1] - b[1], a[2] - b[2])
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def v_mul(a, s):
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# 向量 * 标量
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return (a[0] * s, a[1] * s, a[2] * s)
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def v_mul_comp(a, b):
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# 分量乘（用于颜色调制）
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return (a[0] * b[0], a[1] * b[1], a[2] * b[2])
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def v_dot(a, b):
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return a[0]*b[0] + a[1]*b[1] + a[2]*b[2]
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def v_cross(a, b):
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return (
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a[1]*b[2] - a[2]*b[1],
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a[2]*b[0] - a[0]*b[2],
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a[0]*b[1] - a[1]*b[0]
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)
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def v_length(a):
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return math.sqrt(v_dot(a, a))
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def v_norm(a):
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l = v_length(a)
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if l == 0:
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return (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
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return (a[0]/l, a[1]/l, a[2]/l)
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def v_reflect(d, n):
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# 反射方向：r = d - 2*(d·n)*n
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dn = v_dot(d, n)
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return v_sub(d, v_mul(n, 2.0 * dn))
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# ======================
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# 材质和三角形定义
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# ======================
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class Material:
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def __init__(self, color=(1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
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emission=(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
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kind="diffuse",
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reflectivity=1.0):
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"""
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kind: "diffuse" 或 "mirror"
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color: 基础颜色/反射率
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emission: 自发光颜色（光源）
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reflectivity: 镜面反射强度（0~1）
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"""
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self.color = color
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self.emission = emission
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self.kind = kind
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self.reflectivity = reflectivity
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class Triangle:
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def __init__(self, v0, v1, v2, material):
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self.v0 = v0
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self.v1 = v1
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self.v2 = v2
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self.material = material
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# 预计算几何法线
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self.normal = v_norm(v_cross(v_sub(v1, v0), v_sub(v2, v0)))
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def intersect(self, ray_o, ray_d, eps=1e-6):
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"""
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Möller–Trumbore 三角形求交
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返回 (t, u, v) 或 None
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"""
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v0, v1, v2 = self.v0, self.v1, self.v2
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edge1 = v_sub(v1, v0)
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edge2 = v_sub(v2, v0)
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h = v_cross(ray_d, edge2)
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a = v_dot(edge1, h)
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if -eps < a < eps:
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return None # 平行
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f = 1.0 / a
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s = v_sub(ray_o, v0)
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u = f * v_dot(s, h)
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if u < 0.0 or u > 1.0:
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return None
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q = v_cross(s, edge1)
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v = f * v_dot(ray_d, q)
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if v < 0.0 or u + v > 1.0:
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return None
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t = f * v_dot(edge2, q)
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if t > eps:
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return (t, u, v)
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return None
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# ======================
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# 场景构建（康奈尔盒）
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# ======================
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def make_quad(v00, v10, v11, v01, material):
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"""
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用两个三角形表示一个四边形：
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v00----v10
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| /
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| /
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v01----v11
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"""
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return [
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Triangle(v00, v10, v11, material),
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Triangle(v00, v11, v01, material)
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]
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def add_box(x0, x1, y0, y1, z0, z1, material):
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"""
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用 12 个三角形（6 个面 * 2）构造轴对齐长方体
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"""
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tris = []
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# 8 个顶点
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p000 = (x0, y0, z0)
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p001 = (x0, y0, z1)
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p010 = (x0, y1, z0)
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p011 = (x0, y1, z1)
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p100 = (x1, y0, z0)
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p101 = (x1, y0, z1)
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p110 = (x1, y1, z0)
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p111 = (x1, y1, z1)
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# +X 面
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tris += make_quad(p100, p110, p111, p101, material)
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# -X 面
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tris += make_quad(p000, p001, p011, p010, material)
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# +Y 面（顶面）
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tris += make_quad(p010, p011, p111, p110, material)
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# -Y 面（底面）
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tris += make_quad(p000, p100, p101, p001, material)
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# +Z 面
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tris += make_quad(p001, p101, p111, p011, material)
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# -Z 面
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tris += make_quad(p000, p010, p110, p100, material)
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return tris
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def build_cornell_scene():
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"""
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构建一个 0~1 立方体空间内的简易康奈尔盒
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- 左墙红色，右墙绿色，其余白色
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- 顶部一个小矩形面光源
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- 场景中两个盒子：一个漫反射，一个金属镜面
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"""
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scene = []
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# 材质
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white = Material(color=(0.8, 0.8, 0.8), kind="diffuse")
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red = Material(color=(0.75, 0.15, 0.15), kind="diffuse")
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green = Material(color=(0.15, 0.75, 0.15), kind="diffuse")
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light_mat = Material(color=(1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
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emission=(12.0, 12.0, 12.0), # 强光
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kind="diffuse")
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metal = Material(color=(0.9, 0.9, 0.9),
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kind="mirror",
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reflectivity=0.95)
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grey_box = Material(color=(0.75, 0.75, 0.75),
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kind="diffuse")
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# 盒子边界
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minc, maxc = 0.0, 1.0
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# 地板 y=0
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scene += make_quad(
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(minc, 0.0, minc),
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(maxc, 0.0, minc),
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(maxc, 0.0, maxc),
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(minc, 0.0, maxc),
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white
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)
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# 天花板 y=1
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scene += make_quad(
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(minc, 1.0, minc),
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(minc, 1.0, maxc),
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(maxc, 1.0, maxc),
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(maxc, 1.0, minc),
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white
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)
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# 后墙 z=1
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scene += make_quad(
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(minc, minc, 1.0),
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(maxc, minc, 1.0),
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(maxc, maxc, 1.0),
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(minc, maxc, 1.0),
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white
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)
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# 左墙 x=0 （红）
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scene += make_quad(
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(0.0, minc, minc),
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(0.0, minc, maxc),
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(0.0, maxc, maxc),
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(0.0, maxc, minc),
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red
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)
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# 右墙 x=1 （绿）
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scene += make_quad(
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(1.0, minc, minc),
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(1.0, maxc, minc),
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(1.0, maxc, maxc),
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(1.0, minc, maxc),
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green
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)
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# 顶部面光源（天花板中间一小块）
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lx0, lx1 = 0.35, 0.65
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lz0, lz1 = 0.35, 0.65
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ly = 0.999 # 略低于天花板避免数值问题
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light_tris = make_quad(
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(lx0, ly, lz0),
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(lx1, ly, lz0),
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(lx1, ly, lz1),
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(lx0, ly, lz1),
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light_mat
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)
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scene += light_tris
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# 低盒子（金属反射）
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scene += add_box(
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0.20, 0.50, # x
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0.0, 0.30, # y
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0.20, 0.50, # z
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metal
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)
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# 高盒子（漫反射）
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scene += add_box(
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0.55, 0.85,
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0.0, 0.70,
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0.55, 0.85,
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grey_box
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)
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return scene
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# ======================
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# 光线追踪核心
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# ======================
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def find_closest_hit(scene, ray_o, ray_d):
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"""
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在所有三角形中找到最近交点
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返回 (tri, t, hit_pos, hit_normal) 或 None
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"""
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closest_t = float('inf')
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hit_tri = None
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hit_pos = None
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hit_normal = None
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for tri in scene:
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res = tri.intersect(ray_o, ray_d)
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if res is None:
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continue
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t, u, v = res
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if t < closest_t:
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closest_t = t
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# 交点
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hit_pos = v_add(ray_o, v_mul(ray_d, t))
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# 几何法线拷贝一份
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n = tri.normal
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# 确保法线朝向入射光线的反方向
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if v_dot(n, ray_d) > 0:
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n = v_mul(n, -1.0)
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hit_normal = n
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hit_tri = tri
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if hit_tri is None:
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return None
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return hit_tri, closest_t, hit_pos, hit_normal
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def build_lights(scene):
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"""
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从场景中提取所有发光三角形
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"""
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lights = []
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for tri in scene:
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if (tri.material.emission[0] > 0 or
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tri.material.emission[1] > 0 or
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tri.material.emission[2] > 0):
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lights.append(tri)
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return lights
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def triangle_center(tri):
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return (
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(tri.v0[0] + tri.v1[0] + tri.v2[0]) / 3.0,
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(tri.v0[1] + tri.v1[1] + tri.v2[1]) / 3.0,
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(tri.v0[2] + tri.v1[2] + tri.v2[2]) / 3.0,
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)
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def trace_ray(scene, lights, ray_o, ray_d, depth, max_depth=4, eps=1e-4):
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"""
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核心递归光线追踪函数
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- 只在 kind='mirror' 时递归
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- kind='diffuse' 时只做直接光照，不再递归
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"""
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if depth > max_depth:
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return (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
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hit = find_closest_hit(scene, ray_o, ray_d)
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if hit is None:
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# 背景颜色（黑）
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return (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
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tri, t, hit_pos, n = hit
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mat = tri.material
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# 自发光（光源），直接返回其发光颜色（主要用于第一次命中）
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color = mat.emission
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# 漫反射：只做一次直接光照
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if mat.kind == "diffuse":
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direct = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
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for light in lights:
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# 简化：只用光源三角形中心一个点做光照 & 阴影测试
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lp = triangle_center(light)
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to_light = v_sub(lp, hit_pos)
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dist2 = v_dot(to_light, to_light)
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dist = math.sqrt(dist2)
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l_dir = v_norm(to_light)
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# 阴影检测：从 hit_pos 向 lp 打一条 shadow ray
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shadow_o = v_add(hit_pos, v_mul(n, eps))
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shadow_hit = find_closest_hit(scene, shadow_o, l_dir)
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blocked = False
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if shadow_hit is not None:
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_, t_shadow, _, _ = shadow_hit
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if t_shadow < dist - eps:
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blocked = True
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if not blocked:
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# 漫反射 Lambert 项
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lambert = max(0.0, v_dot(n, l_dir))
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if lambert > 0:
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# 简单地把光源发光乘以漫反射颜色和 lambert
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# 不严格做 1/r^2 衰减，只做一个系数缩放
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# 可以适当乘个缩放系数让亮度合适
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intensity = 1.0
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# contribution = mat.color * light.emission * lambert * intensity
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c = v_mul_comp(mat.color, light.material.emission)
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c = v_mul(c, lambert * intensity)
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direct = v_add(direct, c)
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color = v_add(color, direct)
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return color
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# 镜面（金属）表面：计算反射并递归
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if mat.kind == "mirror":
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refl_dir = v_reflect(ray_d, n)
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refl_o = v_add(hit_pos, v_mul(n, eps))
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refl_col = trace_ray(scene, lights, refl_o, refl_dir, depth + 1, max_depth, eps)
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# 反射颜色 = 本身颜色 * 反射颜色 * 反射率
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refl_col = v_mul_comp(mat.color, refl_col)
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refl_col = v_mul(refl_col, mat.reflectivity)
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color = v_add(color, refl_col)
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return color
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# 其他类型（未用到），直接返回自发光
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return color
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# ======================
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# 渲染主函数
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# ======================
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def clamp(x, lo=0.0, hi=1.0):
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return max(lo, min(hi, x))
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def gamma_correct(c, gamma=2.2):
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inv = 1.0 / gamma
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return (c[0] ** inv, c[1] ** inv, c[2] ** inv)
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def render():
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# 图像分辨率
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width = 400
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height = 400
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# 构建场景
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scene = build_cornell_scene()
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lights = build_lights(scene)
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# 相机设置
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cam_pos = (0.5, 0.5, -1.5) # 在盒子前方
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look_at = (0.5, 0.5, 0.0) # 看向盒子中心
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up = (0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
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fov = 40.0 # 视角（度）
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aspect = width / float(height)
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scale = math.tan(math.radians(fov * 0.5))
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# 构建相机坐标系
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forward = v_norm(v_sub(look_at, cam_pos))
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right = v_norm(v_cross(forward, up))
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true_up = v_cross(right, forward)
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framebuffer = [[(0.0, 0.0, 0.0) for _ in range(width)] for _ in range(height)]
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for y in range(height):
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print(f"Rendering line {y+1}/{height} ...", end="\r")
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for x in range(width):
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# 像素中心 NDC 坐标 [-1,1]
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px = (2.0 * ((x + 0.5) / width) - 1.0) * aspect * scale
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py = (1.0 - 2.0 * ((y + 0.5) / height)) * scale
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# 在相机坐标系中构造方向
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dir_cam = v_add(
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v_add(v_mul(right, px), v_mul(true_up, py)),
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forward
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)
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ray_d = v_norm(dir_cam)
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ray_o = cam_pos
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col = trace_ray(scene, lights, ray_o, ray_d, depth=0, max_depth=4)
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# gamma 校正
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col = gamma_correct((
|
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clamp(col[0]),
|
||||
clamp(col[1]),
|
||||
clamp(col[2])
|
||||
))
|
||||
|
||||
framebuffer[y][x] = col
|
||||
|
||||
print("\n渲染完成，正在写入文件 cornell.ppm ...")
|
||||
|
||||
# 输出 PPM（文本格式）
|
||||
with open("cornell.ppm", "w") as f:
|
||||
f.write(f"P3\n{width} {height}\n255\n")
|
||||
for y in range(height):
|
||||
for x in range(width):
|
||||
r, g, b = framebuffer[y][x]
|
||||
ir = int(255.99 * clamp(r))
|
||||
ig = int(255.99 * clamp(g))
|
||||
ib = int(255.99 * clamp(b))
|
||||
f.write(f"{ir} {ig} {ib}\n")
|
||||
|
||||
print("写入完成：cornell.ppm")
|
||||
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
render()
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue