feat: 添加ResourceManager统一管理资源

- 注释规范化
- 修复shader_cache_引用错误
- 简化shader_manager.cpp release函数
- 添加ResourceManager用于资源管理

TODO-List

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+* 1. 修复全局光照导致的采样问题
+* 2. 重构代码，统一化结构、加入ResourceManager
+* 2.1. 优化cpu-gpu交互效率
+2.2 修改shader文件结构
+3. 支持更多材质及pbr参数
+4. 添加HDRI支持
+5. 支持glTF 2.0模型加载
+6. 加入ReSITR优化收敛速度
+7. 添加基于PBR及简单机器学习模型的超分辨率采样
+8. 加入粒子系统

include/basic/types.h

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ using TextureHandle = uint;
 using BufferHandle = uint;
 using ShaderHandle = uint;
 using FramebufferHandle = uint;
+using VertexArrayHandle = uint;
 
 // Invalid handle constant
 constexpr uint INVALID_HANDLE = 0;

include/core/gbuffer.h

@@ -74,15 +74,6 @@ private:
 	TextureHandle depth_texture_;
 
 	bool initialized_;
-
-	/*
-	 * @brief Create texture for G-Buffer attachment
-	 * @param internal_format OpenGL internal format
-	 * @param format OpenGL format
-	 * @param type OpenGL type
-	 * @return Texture handle
-	 */
-	TextureHandle create_texture_(uint internal_format, uint format, uint type);
 };
 
 } // namespace are

include/core/raytracer.h

@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ private:
 
 	std::shared_ptr<Shader> compute_shader_;
 	TextureHandle accumulation_texture_;
-	BufferHandle scene_buffer_;
 	BufferHandle material_buffer_;
 	BufferHandle light_buffer_;
 

include/core/renderer.h

@@ -74,6 +74,8 @@ private:
 	std::unique_ptr<ScreenBlit> screen_blit_;
 	std::unique_ptr<Denoiser> denoiser_;
 
+	TextureHandle rt_output_texture_;
+
 	bool initialized_;
 	uint frame_count_;
 };

include/resource/resource_manager.h

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+#ifndef ARE_INCLUDE_RESOURCE_RESOURCE_MANAGER_H
+#define ARE_INCLUDE_RESOURCE_RESOURCE_MANAGER_H
+
+#include "basic/types.h"
+#include "resource/buffer.h"
+#include "resource/texture.h"
+#include <memory>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace are {
+
+// Texture creation parameters
+struct TextureDescription {
+	uint width = 1;
+	uint height = 1;
+	TextureFormat format = TextureFormat::RGBA8;
+	TextureFilter filter = TextureFilter::LINEAR;
+	TextureWrap wrap = TextureWrap::CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+	bool generate_mipmaps = false;
+};
+
+// Buffer creation parameters
+struct BufferDescription {
+	BufferType type = BufferType::VERTEX_BUFFER;
+	BufferUsage usage = BufferUsage::STATIC_DRAW;
+	size_t size = 0;
+	const void *data = nullptr;
+};
+
+// Texture array creation parameters
+struct TextureArrayDescription {
+	uint width = 1;
+	uint height = 1;
+	TextureFormat format = TextureFormat::RGBA8;
+	TextureFilter filter = TextureFilter::LINEAR;
+	TextureWrap wrap = TextureWrap::REPEAT;
+	std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Texture>> textures;
+};
+
+// Framebuffer creation parameters
+struct FramebufferDescription {
+	uint width = 1;
+	uint height = 1;
+	bool create_depth = true;
+	uint color_attachment_count = 0;
+};
+
+// GPU resource manager - centralized resource creation and lifecycle
+class ResourceManager {
+public:
+	static ResourceManager &instance();
+
+	// Initialization and release
+	bool initialize();
+	void release();
+
+	// === Texture Management ===
+	TextureHandle create_texture(const TextureDescription &desc);
+	TextureHandle create_texture(uint width, uint height, TextureFormat format);
+	TextureHandle create_texture(const std::string &path);
+	void destroy_texture(TextureHandle handle);
+
+	// === Buffer Management ===
+	BufferHandle create_buffer(const BufferDescription &desc);
+	void update_buffer(BufferHandle handle, size_t offset, size_t size, const void *data);
+	void destroy_buffer(BufferHandle handle);
+
+	// === Framebuffer Management ===
+	FramebufferHandle create_framebuffer(const FramebufferDescription &desc);
+	TextureHandle get_framebuffer_color_attachment(FramebufferHandle fbo, uint index);
+	TextureHandle get_framebuffer_depth_attachment(FramebufferHandle fbo);
+	void destroy_framebuffer(FramebufferHandle fbo);
+
+	// === Texture Array Management ===
+	TextureHandle create_texture_array(const TextureArrayDescription &desc);
+	void destroy_texture_array(TextureHandle handle);
+
+	// === VAO Management ===
+	VertexArrayHandle create_vertex_array();
+	void destroy_vertex_array(VertexArrayHandle vao);
+
+	// === Binding Management ===
+	void bind_buffer(BufferHandle buffer, uint binding_point);
+	void bind_image_texture(TextureHandle texture, uint binding, bool read, bool write);
+	void bind_texture_to_unit(TextureHandle texture, uint unit);
+
+	// === Query ===
+	bool is_texture_valid(TextureHandle handle) const;
+	bool is_buffer_valid(BufferHandle handle) const;
+	bool is_framebuffer_valid(FramebufferHandle handle) const;
+
+private:
+	ResourceManager();
+	~ResourceManager();
+
+	struct TextureResource {
+		TextureHandle gl_handle;
+		uint width;
+		uint height;
+		TextureFormat format;
+	};
+
+	struct BufferResource {
+		BufferHandle gl_handle;
+		BufferType type;
+		BufferUsage usage;
+		size_t size;
+	};
+
+	struct FramebufferResource {
+		FramebufferHandle gl_handle;
+		uint width;
+		uint height;
+		std::vector<TextureHandle> color_attachments;
+		TextureHandle depth_attachment;
+	};
+
+	std::unordered_map<TextureHandle, TextureResource> textures_;
+	std::unordered_map<BufferHandle, BufferResource> buffers_;
+	std::unordered_map<FramebufferHandle, FramebufferResource> framebuffers_;
+
+	bool initialized_;
+};
+
+} // namespace are
+
+#endif // ARE_INCLUDE_RESOURCE_RESOURCE_MANAGER_H

include/resource/shader.h

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ public:
 	bool compile_compute(const std::string &compute_source);
 
 	// Use/activate shader program
-	void use() const; // 改为const
+	void use() const;
 
 	// Release shader resources
 	void release();
@@ -63,63 +63,63 @@ public:
 	 * @param name Uniform name
 	 * @param value Value
 	 */
-	void set_bool(const std::string &name, bool value) const; // 新增，const
+	void set_bool(const std::string &name, bool value) const;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Set uniform integer
 	 * @param name Uniform name
 	 * @param value Value
 	 */
-	void set_int(const std::string &name, int value) const; // 改为const
+	void set_int(const std::string &name, int value) const;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Set uniform unsigned integer
 	 * @param name Uniform name
 	 * @param value Value
 	 */
-	void set_uint(const std::string &name, uint value) const; // 改为const
+	void set_uint(const std::string &name, uint value) const;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Set uniform float
 	 * @param name Uniform name
 	 * @param value Value
 	 */
-	void set_float(const std::string &name, float value) const; // 改为const
+	void set_float(const std::string &name, float value) const;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Set uniform vec2
 	 * @param name Uniform name
 	 * @param value Value
 	 */
-	void set_vec2(const std::string &name, const Vec2 &value) const; // 改为const
+	void set_vec2(const std::string &name, const Vec2 &value) const;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Set uniform vec3
 	 * @param name Uniform name
 	 * @param value Value
 	 */
-	void set_vec3(const std::string &name, const Vec3 &value) const; // 改为const
+	void set_vec3(const std::string &name, const Vec3 &value) const;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Set uniform vec4
 	 * @param name Uniform name
 	 * @param value Value
 	 */
-	void set_vec4(const std::string &name, const Vec4 &value) const; // 改为const
+	void set_vec4(const std::string &name, const Vec4 &value) const;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Set uniform mat3
 	 * @param name Uniform name
 	 * @param value Value
 	 */
-	void set_mat3(const std::string &name, const Mat3 &value) const; // 改为const
+	void set_mat3(const std::string &name, const Mat3 &value) const;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Set uniform mat4
 	 * @param name Uniform name
 	 * @param value Value
 	 */
-	void set_mat4(const std::string &name, const Mat4 &value) const; // 改为const
+	void set_mat4(const std::string &name, const Mat4 &value) const;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Get shader program handle
@@ -139,14 +139,14 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	ShaderHandle handle_;
-	mutable std::unordered_map<std::string, int> uniform_cache_; // 改为mutable
+	mutable std::unordered_map<std::string, int> uniform_cache_;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Get uniform location (with caching)
 	 * @param name Uniform name
 	 * @return Uniform location
 	 */
-	int get_uniform_location_(const std::string &name) const; // 改为const
+	int get_uniform_location_(const std::string &name) const;
 
 	/*
 	 * @brief Compile shader stage

include/utils/logger.h

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef ARE_INCLUDE_CORE_LOGGER_H
+#ifndef ARE_INCLUDE_UTILS_LOGGER_H
-#define ARE_INCLUDE_CORE_LOGGER_H
+#define ARE_INCLUDE_UTILS_LOGGER_H
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@ enum class LogLevel {
 // Thread-safe logging system
 class Logger {
 public:
-	/**
+	/*
 	 * @brief Initialize the logging system
 	 * @param min_level Minimum log level to display
 	 */
 	static void init(LogLevel min_level = LogLevel::ARE_LOG_INFO);
 
-	/**
+	/*
 	 * @brief Shutdown the logging system
 	 */
 	static void shutdown();
 
-	/**
+	/*
 	 * @brief Log a message with file/function/line information
 	 * @param level Log severity level
 	 * @param file Source file name
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public:
 	static void log(LogLevel level, const char *file, const char *func,
 		int line, const std::string &message);
 
-	/**
+	/*
 	 * @brief Set minimum log level
 	 * @param level Minimum log level to display
 	 */
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ private:
 #define ARE_LOG_ERROR(msg) are::Logger::log(are::LogLevel::ARE_LOG_ERROR, __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, msg)
 #define ARE_LOG_CRITICAL(msg) are::Logger::log(are::LogLevel::ARE_LOG_CRITICAL, __FILE__, __func__, __LINE__, msg)
 
-#endif // ARE_INCLUDE_CORE_LOGGER_H
+#endif // ARE_INCLUDE_UTILS_LOGGER_H

src/core/denoiser.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "core/denoiser.h"
 #include "basic/constants.h"
+#include "resource/resource_manager.h"
 #include "utils/logger.h"
 #include <glad/glad.h>
 
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ void Denoiser::release() {
     shader_.reset();
 
     if (output_texture_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
-        glDeleteTextures(1, &output_texture_);
+        ResourceManager::instance().destroy_texture(output_texture_);
         output_texture_ = INVALID_HANDLE;
     }
 
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ void Denoiser::resize(uint width, uint height) {
     if (!initialized_) return;
 
     if (output_texture_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
-        glDeleteTextures(1, &output_texture_);
+        ResourceManager::instance().destroy_texture(output_texture_);
         output_texture_ = INVALID_HANDLE;
     }
     create_output_texture_();
@@ -81,13 +82,14 @@ TextureHandle Denoiser::denoise(TextureHandle input_texture, int radius) {
 }
 
 void Denoiser::create_output_texture_() {
-    glGenTextures(1, &output_texture_);
+    ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, output_texture_);
+    TextureDescription desc;
-    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA32F, width_, height_, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, nullptr);
+    desc.width = width_;
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    desc.height = height_;
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    desc.format = TextureFormat::RGBA32F;
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    desc.filter = TextureFilter::NEAREST;
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    desc.wrap = TextureWrap::CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+    output_texture_ = rm.create_texture(desc);
 }
 
 } // namespace are

src/core/gbuffer.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "core/gbuffer.h"
+#include "resource/resource_manager.h"
 #include "utils/logger.h"
 #include <glad/glad.h>
 
@@ -25,49 +26,58 @@ bool GBuffer::initialize() {
 		return true;
 	}
 
+	ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+
+	// Create framebuffer
 	glGenFramebuffers(1, &fbo_);
 	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo_);
 
-	textures_[GBUFFER_POSITION] = create_texture_(GL_RGBA32F, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT);
+	// Create color attachments using ResourceManager
-	textures_[GBUFFER_NORMAL] = create_texture_(GL_RGBA32F, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT);
+	TextureDescription tex_desc;
-	textures_[GBUFFER_ALBEDO] = create_texture_(GL_RGBA8, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE);
+	tex_desc.width = width_;
+	tex_desc.height = height_;
+	tex_desc.filter = TextureFilter::NEAREST;
+	tex_desc.wrap = TextureWrap::CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
 
-	// New: material params (metallic, roughness, ior, type)
+	tex_desc.format = TextureFormat::RGBA32F;
-	textures_[GBUFFER_MATERIAL] = create_texture_(GL_RGBA32F, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT);
+	textures_[GBUFFER_POSITION] = rm.create_texture(tex_desc);
 
-	// New: material id (integer)
+	tex_desc.format = TextureFormat::RGBA32F;
-	textures_[GBUFFER_MATERIAL_ID] = create_texture_(GL_R32UI, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_UNSIGNED_INT);
+	textures_[GBUFFER_NORMAL] = rm.create_texture(tex_desc);
 
-	// New: texcoord + tangent (xy = texcoord, zw = tangent)
+	tex_desc.format = TextureFormat::RGBA8;
-	textures_[GBUFFER_TEXCOORD] = create_texture_(GL_RGBA32F, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT);
+	textures_[GBUFFER_ALBEDO] = rm.create_texture(tex_desc);
 
-	// New: tangent (xyz = tangent, w = unused)
+	tex_desc.format = TextureFormat::RGBA32F;
-	textures_[GBUFFER_TANGENT] = create_texture_(GL_RGBA32F, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT);
+	textures_[GBUFFER_MATERIAL] = rm.create_texture(tex_desc);
 
-	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + GBUFFER_POSITION,
+	textures_[GBUFFER_MATERIAL_ID] = rm.create_texture(width_, height_, TextureFormat::R32F);
-		GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures_[GBUFFER_POSITION], 0);
+
-	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + GBUFFER_NORMAL,
+	tex_desc.format = TextureFormat::RGBA32F;
-		GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures_[GBUFFER_NORMAL], 0);
+	textures_[GBUFFER_TEXCOORD] = rm.create_texture(tex_desc);
-	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + GBUFFER_ALBEDO,
+
-		GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures_[GBUFFER_ALBEDO], 0);
+	tex_desc.format = TextureFormat::RGBA32F;
-	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + GBUFFER_MATERIAL,
+	textures_[GBUFFER_TANGENT] = rm.create_texture(tex_desc);
-		GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures_[GBUFFER_MATERIAL], 0);
+
-	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + GBUFFER_MATERIAL_ID,
+	// Attach color textures to framebuffer
-		GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures_[GBUFFER_MATERIAL_ID], 0);
+	for (int i = 0; i < GBUFFER_COUNT; ++i) {
-	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + GBUFFER_TEXCOORD,
+		glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i,
-		GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures_[GBUFFER_TEXCOORD], 0);
+			GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures_[i], 0);
-	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + GBUFFER_TANGENT,
+	}
-		GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures_[GBUFFER_TANGENT], 0);
+
+	// Create depth texture using ResourceManager
+	TextureDescription depth_desc;
+	depth_desc.width = width_;
+	depth_desc.height = height_;
+	depth_desc.format = TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8;
+	depth_desc.filter = TextureFilter::NEAREST;
+	depth_desc.wrap = TextureWrap::CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+	depth_texture_ = rm.create_texture(depth_desc);
 
-	glGenTextures(1, &depth_texture_);
-	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depth_texture_);
-	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8, width_, height_, 0,
-		GL_DEPTH_STENCIL, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8, nullptr);
-	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
-	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
 	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
 		GL_TEXTURE_2D, depth_texture_, 0);
 
+	// Set draw buffers
 	GLenum draw_buffers[GBUFFER_COUNT] = {
 		GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + GBUFFER_POSITION,
 		GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + GBUFFER_NORMAL,
@@ -96,6 +106,8 @@ void GBuffer::release() {
 	if (!initialized_)
 		return;
 
+	ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+
 	if (fbo_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
 		glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &fbo_);
 		fbo_ = INVALID_HANDLE;
@@ -103,13 +115,13 @@ void GBuffer::release() {
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < GBUFFER_COUNT; ++i) {
 		if (textures_[i] != INVALID_HANDLE) {
-			glDeleteTextures(1, &textures_[i]);
+			rm.destroy_texture(textures_[i]);
 			textures_[i] = INVALID_HANDLE;
 		}
 	}
 
 	if (depth_texture_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
-		glDeleteTextures(1, &depth_texture_);
+		rm.destroy_texture(depth_texture_);
 		depth_texture_ = INVALID_HANDLE;
 	}
 
@@ -117,18 +129,6 @@ void GBuffer::release() {
 	ARE_LOG_INFO("GBuffer released");
 }
 
-TextureHandle GBuffer::create_texture_(uint internal_format, uint format, uint type) {
-	TextureHandle texture;
-	glGenTextures(1, &texture);
-	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
-	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, internal_format, width_, height_, 0, format, type, nullptr);
-	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
-	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
-	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-	return texture;
-}
-
 void GBuffer::render(const Scene &scene, const Shader &shader) {
 	if (!initialized_) {
 		ARE_LOG_ERROR("GBuffer not initialized");

src/core/raytracer.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "core/raytracer.h"
 #include "basic/constants.h"
+#include "resource/resource_manager.h"
 #include "utils/logger.h"
 #include <glad/glad.h>
 
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@ RayTracer::RayTracer(uint width, uint height, const RayTracerConfig &config)
 	, height_(height)
 	, config_(config)
 	, accumulation_texture_(INVALID_HANDLE)
-	, scene_buffer_(INVALID_HANDLE)
 	, material_buffer_(INVALID_HANDLE)
 	, light_buffer_(INVALID_HANDLE)
 	, bvh_(nullptr)
@@ -43,33 +43,27 @@ bool RayTracer::initialize(const std::shared_ptr<Shader> &shader) {
 		return true;
 	}
 
+	ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+
 	compute_shader_ = shader;
 
 	// Create accumulation texture
-	glGenTextures(1, &accumulation_texture_);
+	accumulation_texture_ = rm.create_texture(width_, height_, TextureFormat::RGBA32F);
-	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, accumulation_texture_);
-	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA32F, width_, height_, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, nullptr);
-	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
-	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
-	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
 
 	// Create shader storage buffers
-	glGenBuffers(1, &material_buffer_);
+	BufferDescription ssbo_desc;
-	glGenBuffers(1, &light_buffer_);
+	ssbo_desc.type = BufferType::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER;
+	ssbo_desc.usage = BufferUsage::DYNAMIC_DRAW;
+	ssbo_desc.size = 1;
+	ssbo_desc.data = nullptr;
+	material_buffer_ = rm.create_buffer(ssbo_desc);
+	light_buffer_ = rm.create_buffer(ssbo_desc);
 
 	// Initialize texture arrays (empty for now)
 	for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
 		texture_arrays_[i] = 0;
 		texture_array_sizes_[i] = 0;
-		glGenTextures(1, &texture_arrays_[i]);
-		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, texture_arrays_[i]);
-		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
-		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
-		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
-		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
 	}
-	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, 0);
 
 	// Initialize BVH if enabled
 	if (config_.use_bvh_) {
@@ -85,26 +79,28 @@ void RayTracer::release() {
 	if (!initialized_)
 		return;
 
+	ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+
 	if (accumulation_texture_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
-		glDeleteTextures(1, &accumulation_texture_);
+		rm.destroy_texture(accumulation_texture_);
 		accumulation_texture_ = INVALID_HANDLE;
 	}
 
 	// Release texture arrays
 	for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
 		if (texture_arrays_[i] != 0) {
-			glDeleteTextures(1, &texture_arrays_[i]);
+			rm.destroy_texture_array(texture_arrays_[i]);
 			texture_arrays_[i] = 0;
 		}
 	}
 
 	if (material_buffer_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
-		glDeleteBuffers(1, &material_buffer_);
+		rm.destroy_buffer(material_buffer_);
 		material_buffer_ = INVALID_HANDLE;
 	}
 
 	if (light_buffer_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
-		glDeleteBuffers(1, &light_buffer_);
+		rm.destroy_buffer(light_buffer_);
 		light_buffer_ = INVALID_HANDLE;
 	}
 
@@ -254,18 +250,14 @@ void RayTracer::resize(uint width, uint height) {
 	height_ = height;
 
 	if (initialized_) {
+		ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+
 		// Recreate accumulation texture
 		if (accumulation_texture_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
-			glDeleteTextures(1, &accumulation_texture_);
+			rm.destroy_texture(accumulation_texture_);
 		}
 
-		glGenTextures(1, &accumulation_texture_);
+		accumulation_texture_ = rm.create_texture(width_, height_, TextureFormat::RGBA32F);
-		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, accumulation_texture_);
-		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA32F, width_, height_, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, nullptr);
-		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
-		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
-		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
 
 		reset_accumulation();
 	}
@@ -439,8 +431,16 @@ void RayTracer::build_texture_arrays_(const Scene &scene) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+
 	// Build arrays for each slot
 	for (int slot = 0; slot < 6; slot++) {
+		// Destroy previous texture array if exists
+		if (texture_arrays_[slot] != 0) {
+			rm.destroy_texture_array(texture_arrays_[slot]);
+			texture_arrays_[slot] = 0;
+		}
+
 		if (textures[slot].empty()) {
 			texture_array_sizes_[slot] = 0;
 			continue;
@@ -448,89 +448,25 @@ void RayTracer::build_texture_arrays_(const Scene &scene) {
 
 		texture_array_sizes_[slot] = static_cast<uint>(textures[slot].size());
 
-		// Get dimensions from first texture (assume all same size)
+		// Create texture array using ResourceManager
-		int width = textures[slot][0]->get_width();
+		TextureArrayDescription desc;
-		int height = textures[slot][0]->get_height();
+		desc.textures = textures[slot];
+		desc.filter = TextureFilter::LINEAR;
+		desc.wrap = TextureWrap::REPEAT;
 
-		// Create texture array
+		texture_arrays_[slot] = rm.create_texture_array(desc);
-		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, texture_arrays_[slot]);
-		glTexImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, 0, GL_RGBA8, width, height,
-			static_cast<int>(textures[slot].size()), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, nullptr);
 
-		// Copy each texture to array layer and set indices on materials
+		// Set texture index on all materials using each texture
 		for (size_t i = 0; i < textures[slot].size(); i++) {
-			auto &tex = textures[slot][i];
-			GLuint tex_handle = tex->get_handle();
-			if (tex_handle != 0) {
-				// Get original texture format
-				TextureFormat orig_format = tex->get_format();
-				int orig_width = tex->get_width();
-				int orig_height = tex->get_height();
-
-				// Get the correct format for reading
-				GLenum orig_gl_format = GL_RGBA;
-				int channels = 4;
-				switch (orig_format) {
-				case TextureFormat::R8:
-					orig_gl_format = GL_RED;
-					channels = 1;
-					break;
-				case TextureFormat::RG8:
-					orig_gl_format = GL_RG;
-					channels = 2;
-					break;
-				case TextureFormat::RGB8:
-					orig_gl_format = GL_RGB;
-					channels = 3;
-					break;
-				case TextureFormat::RGBA8:
-					orig_gl_format = GL_RGBA;
-					channels = 4;
-					break;
-				default:
-					orig_gl_format = GL_RGBA;
-					channels = 4;
-					break;
-				}
-
-				// Read texture data with correct format
-				std::vector<uint8_t> orig_pixels(orig_width * orig_height * channels);
-				glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex_handle);
-				glGetTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, orig_gl_format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, orig_pixels.data());
-				glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
-
-				// Convert to RGBA for texture array (always RGBA8)
-				std::vector<uint8_t> pixels(orig_width * orig_height * 4, 255);
-				for (int y = 0; y < orig_height; y++) {
-					for (int x = 0; x < orig_width; x++) {
-						int src_idx = (y * orig_width + x) * channels;
-						int dst_idx = (y * orig_width + x) * 4;
-						pixels[dst_idx + 0] = orig_pixels[src_idx + 0];
-						pixels[dst_idx + 1] = (channels >= 2) ? orig_pixels[src_idx + 1] : orig_pixels[src_idx + 0];
-						pixels[dst_idx + 2] = (channels >= 3) ? orig_pixels[src_idx + 2] : orig_pixels[src_idx + 0];
-						pixels[dst_idx + 3] = (channels >= 4) ? orig_pixels[src_idx + 3] : 255;
-					}
-				}
-
-				glTexSubImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, 0, 0, 0, static_cast<int>(i),
-					width, height, 1, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels.data());
-
-				// Set texture index on all materials using this texture
 			// Index is i+1 because 0 means "no texture" in the shader
 			uint32_t array_index = static_cast<uint32_t>(i) + 1;
 			for (const auto &mat : materials) {
-					if (mat->get_texture(static_cast<TextureSlot>(slot)).get() == tex.get()) {
+				if (mat->get_texture(static_cast<TextureSlot>(slot)).get() == textures[slot][i].get()) {
 					mat->set_texture_index(static_cast<TextureSlot>(slot), array_index);
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
-
-		// Generate mipmaps
-		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY);
-	}
-
-	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, 0);
 }
 
 } // namespace are

src/core/renderer.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "core/renderer.h"
+#include "resource/resource_manager.h"
 #include "utils/logger.h"
 #include <chrono>
 #include <glad/glad.h>
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ namespace are {
 
 Renderer::Renderer(const RendererConfig &config)
 	: config_(config)
+	, rt_output_texture_(INVALID_HANDLE)
 	, initialized_(false)
 	, frame_count_(0) {
 }
@@ -69,6 +71,10 @@ bool Renderer::initialize() {
 		return false;
 	}
 
+	// Create ray tracing output texture (reused every frame)
+	ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+	rt_output_texture_ = rm.create_texture(config_.width_, config_.height_, TextureFormat::RGBA32F);
+
 	initialized_ = true;
 	ARE_LOG_INFO("Aurora Rendering Engine initialized successfully");
 	return true;
@@ -80,30 +86,18 @@ void Renderer::shutdown() {
 
 	ARE_LOG_INFO("Shutting down Aurora Rendering Engine...");
 
-	if (screen_blit_) {
+	ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
-        screen_blit_->release();
+
+	if (rt_output_texture_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
+		rm.destroy_texture(rt_output_texture_);
+		rt_output_texture_ = INVALID_HANDLE;
+	}
+
 	screen_blit_.reset();
-    }
-
-	if (raytracer_) {
-		raytracer_->release();
 	raytracer_.reset();
-	}
-
-	if (gbuffer_) {
-		gbuffer_->release();
 	gbuffer_.reset();
-	}
-
-	if (shader_manager_) {
-		shader_manager_->release();
 	shader_manager_.reset();
-	}
-
-	if (denoiser_) {
-		denoiser_->release();
 	denoiser_.reset();
-	}
 
 	initialized_ = false;
 	ARE_LOG_INFO("Aurora Rendering Engine shut down");
@@ -136,19 +130,8 @@ RenderStats Renderer::render(const Scene& scene, TextureHandle output_texture) {
     // Phase 2: Ray tracing pass
     auto raytrace_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
     
-    // Create output texture if not provided
+    // Use output texture if provided, otherwise use internal texture
-    TextureHandle rt_output = output_texture;
+    TextureHandle rt_output = (output_texture != 0) ? output_texture : rt_output_texture_;
-    bool created_temp_texture = false;
-    
-    if (rt_output == 0) {
-        glGenTextures(1, &rt_output);
-        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, rt_output);
-        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA32F, config_.width_, config_.height_, 
-                    0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, nullptr);
-        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
-        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
-        created_temp_texture = true;
-    }
     
     raytracer_->trace(scene, *gbuffer_, rt_output);
     
@@ -163,9 +146,8 @@ RenderStats Renderer::render(const Scene& scene, TextureHandle output_texture) {
 	}
 
     // Phase 4: Blit to screen if output is default framebuffer
-	if (created_temp_texture && output_texture == 0) {
+	if (output_texture == 0) {
 		screen_blit_->blit_fullscreen(final_output);
-		glDeleteTextures(1, &rt_output);
 	}
     
     // Calculate total frame time
@@ -194,6 +176,14 @@ void Renderer::resize(uint width, uint height) {
 	config_.height_ = height;
 
 	if (initialized_) {
+		ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+
+		// Recreate ray tracing output texture
+		if (rt_output_texture_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
+			rm.destroy_texture(rt_output_texture_);
+		}
+		rt_output_texture_ = rm.create_texture(width, height, TextureFormat::RGBA32F);
+
 		gbuffer_->resize(width, height);
 		raytracer_->resize(width, height);
 		denoiser_->resize(width, height);

src/core/screen_blit.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "core/screen_blit.h"
+#include "resource/resource_manager.h"
 #include "utils/logger.h"
 #include <glad/glad.h>
 
@@ -35,13 +36,15 @@ void ScreenBlit::release() {
     
 	shader_.reset();
     
+    ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+    
     if (vao_ != 0) {
-        glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
+        rm.destroy_vertex_array(vao_);
         vao_ = 0;
     }
     
     if (vbo_ != 0) {
-        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo_);
+        rm.destroy_buffer(vbo_);
         vbo_ = 0;
     }
     
@@ -96,12 +99,19 @@ void ScreenBlit::create_quad_() {
         -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f
     };
     
-    glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
+    ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
-    glGenBuffers(1, &vbo_);
     
+    vao_ = rm.create_vertex_array();
     glBindVertexArray(vao_);
+    
+    BufferDescription vbo_desc;
+    vbo_desc.type = BufferType::VERTEX_BUFFER;
+    vbo_desc.usage = BufferUsage::STATIC_DRAW;
+    vbo_desc.size = sizeof(vertices);
+    vbo_desc.data = vertices;
+    vbo_ = rm.create_buffer(vbo_desc);
+    
     glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo_);
-    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
     
     // Position attribute
     glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

src/core/shader_manager.cpp

@@ -32,9 +32,6 @@ bool ShaderManager::initialize() {
 void ShaderManager::release() {
     if (!initialized_) return;
 
-    for (auto& pair : shader_cache_) {
-        if (pair.second) pair.second->release();
-    }
     shader_cache_.clear();
 
     gbuffer_shader_.reset();
@@ -110,7 +107,7 @@ bool ShaderManager::load_builtin_shaders_() {
         ARE_LOG_ERROR("Failed to load screen blit shader");
         return false;
     }
-    shader_cache_["screen_blit"] = denoise_shader_;
+    shader_cache_["screen_blit"] = screen_blit_shader_;
     ARE_LOG_INFO("Screen blit shader loaded successfully");
 
 	// Load ray tracing shader

src/resource/resource_manager.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+#include "resource/resource_manager.h"
+#include "utils/logger.h"
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+
+namespace are {
+
+ResourceManager::ResourceManager()
+	: initialized_(false) {
+}
+
+ResourceManager::~ResourceManager() {
+	release();
+}
+
+ResourceManager &ResourceManager::instance() {
+	static ResourceManager manager;
+	return manager;
+}
+
+bool ResourceManager::initialize() {
+	if (initialized_) {
+		ARE_LOG_WARN("ResourceManager already initialized");
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	initialized_ = true;
+	ARE_LOG_INFO("ResourceManager initialized successfully");
+	return true;
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::release() {
+	if (!initialized_)
+		return;
+
+	ARE_LOG_INFO("Releasing ResourceManager resources...");
+
+	// Release all textures
+	for (auto &[handle, resource] : textures_) {
+		glDeleteTextures(1, &resource.gl_handle);
+	}
+	textures_.clear();
+
+	// Release all buffers
+	for (auto &[handle, resource] : buffers_) {
+		glDeleteBuffers(1, &resource.gl_handle);
+	}
+	buffers_.clear();
+
+	// Release all framebuffers and their attachments
+	for (auto &[handle, resource] : framebuffers_) {
+		// Attachments are owned by textures_ map, already deleted
+		glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &resource.gl_handle);
+	}
+	framebuffers_.clear();
+
+	initialized_ = false;
+	ARE_LOG_INFO("ResourceManager released");
+}
+
+// === Texture Management ===
+
+TextureHandle ResourceManager::create_texture(const TextureDescription &desc) {
+	TextureHandle handle;
+	glGenTextures(1, &handle);
+	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, handle);
+
+	// Convert format to GL types
+	GLenum gl_internal_format = GL_RGBA8;
+	GLenum gl_format = GL_RGBA;
+	GLenum gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+
+	switch (desc.format) {
+	case TextureFormat::R8:
+		gl_internal_format = GL_R8;
+		gl_format = GL_RED;
+		gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+		break;
+	case TextureFormat::RG8:
+		gl_internal_format = GL_RG8;
+		gl_format = GL_RG;
+		gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+		break;
+	case TextureFormat::RGB8:
+		gl_internal_format = GL_RGB8;
+		gl_format = GL_RGB;
+		gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+		break;
+	case TextureFormat::RGBA8:
+		gl_internal_format = GL_RGBA8;
+		gl_format = GL_RGBA;
+		gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+		break;
+	case TextureFormat::RGBA32F:
+		gl_internal_format = GL_RGBA32F;
+		gl_format = GL_RGBA;
+		gl_type = GL_FLOAT;
+		break;
+	case TextureFormat::R32F:
+		gl_internal_format = GL_R32F;
+		gl_format = GL_RED;
+		gl_type = GL_FLOAT;
+		break;
+	case TextureFormat::RG32F:
+		gl_internal_format = GL_RG32F;
+		gl_format = GL_RG;
+		gl_type = GL_FLOAT;
+		break;
+	case TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8:
+		gl_internal_format = GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8;
+		gl_format = GL_DEPTH_STENCIL;
+		gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8;
+		break;
+	default:
+		gl_internal_format = GL_RGBA8;
+		gl_format = GL_RGBA;
+		gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl_internal_format, desc.width, desc.height,
+		0, gl_format, gl_type, nullptr);
+
+	// Set filter
+	GLenum gl_min_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+	GLenum gl_mag_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+
+	switch (desc.filter) {
+	case TextureFilter::NEAREST:
+		gl_min_filter = GL_NEAREST;
+		gl_mag_filter = GL_NEAREST;
+		break;
+	case TextureFilter::LINEAR:
+		gl_min_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+		gl_mag_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+		break;
+	case TextureFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
+		gl_min_filter = GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST;
+		gl_mag_filter = GL_NEAREST;
+		break;
+	case TextureFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST:
+		gl_min_filter = GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST;
+		gl_mag_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+		break;
+	case TextureFilter::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
+		gl_min_filter = GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR;
+		gl_mag_filter = GL_NEAREST;
+		break;
+	case TextureFilter::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR:
+		gl_min_filter = GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR;
+		gl_mag_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+		break;
+	default:
+		gl_min_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+		gl_mag_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl_min_filter);
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl_mag_filter);
+
+	// Set wrap
+	GLenum gl_wrap = GL_REPEAT;
+	switch (desc.wrap) {
+	case TextureWrap::REPEAT:
+		gl_wrap = GL_REPEAT;
+		break;
+	case TextureWrap::MIRRORED_REPEAT:
+		gl_wrap = GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT;
+		break;
+	case TextureWrap::CLAMP_TO_EDGE:
+		gl_wrap = GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+		break;
+	case TextureWrap::CLAMP_TO_BORDER:
+		gl_wrap = GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER;
+		break;
+	default:
+		gl_wrap = GL_REPEAT;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl_wrap);
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl_wrap);
+
+	// Generate mipmaps if requested
+	if (desc.generate_mipmaps) {
+		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+	}
+
+	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+
+	TextureResource resource;
+	resource.gl_handle = handle;
+	resource.width = desc.width;
+	resource.height = desc.height;
+	resource.format = desc.format;
+	textures_[handle] = resource;
+
+	ARE_LOG_DEBUG("Texture created: " + std::to_string(handle));
+	return handle;
+}
+
+TextureHandle ResourceManager::create_texture(uint width, uint height, TextureFormat format) {
+	TextureDescription desc;
+	desc.width = width;
+	desc.height = height;
+	desc.format = format;
+	return create_texture(desc);
+}
+
+TextureHandle ResourceManager::create_texture(const std::string &path) {
+	// Use Texture class for file loading (stb_image)
+	auto tex = std::make_shared<Texture>();
+	if (!tex->load_from_file(path, true)) {
+		ARE_LOG_ERROR("Failed to load texture: " + path);
+		return INVALID_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	TextureHandle handle = tex->get_handle();
+
+	// Register in manager (but don't own - Texture class manages lifetime)
+	TextureResource resource;
+	resource.gl_handle = handle;
+	resource.width = tex->get_width();
+	resource.height = tex->get_height();
+	resource.format = tex->get_format();
+	textures_[handle] = resource;
+
+	return handle;
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::destroy_texture(TextureHandle handle) {
+	auto it = textures_.find(handle);
+	if (it == textures_.end()) {
+		ARE_LOG_WARN("Attempting to destroy unknown texture: " + std::to_string(handle));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	glDeleteTextures(1, &it->second.gl_handle);
+	textures_.erase(it);
+	ARE_LOG_DEBUG("Texture destroyed: " + std::to_string(handle));
+}
+
+// === Buffer Management ===
+
+BufferHandle ResourceManager::create_buffer(const BufferDescription &desc) {
+	BufferHandle handle;
+	glGenBuffers(1, &handle);
+
+	GLenum gl_type = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+	switch (desc.type) {
+	case BufferType::VERTEX_BUFFER:
+		gl_type = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	case BufferType::INDEX_BUFFER:
+		gl_type = GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	case BufferType::UNIFORM_BUFFER:
+		gl_type = GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	case BufferType::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER:
+		gl_type = GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	default:
+		gl_type = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	GLenum gl_usage = GL_STATIC_DRAW;
+	switch (desc.usage) {
+	case BufferUsage::STATIC_DRAW:
+		gl_usage = GL_STATIC_DRAW;
+		break;
+	case BufferUsage::DYNAMIC_DRAW:
+		gl_usage = GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW;
+		break;
+	case BufferUsage::STREAM_DRAW:
+		gl_usage = GL_STREAM_DRAW;
+		break;
+	default:
+		gl_usage = GL_STATIC_DRAW;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	glBindBuffer(gl_type, handle);
+	glBufferData(gl_type, desc.size, desc.data, gl_usage);
+	glBindBuffer(gl_type, 0);
+
+	BufferResource resource;
+	resource.gl_handle = handle;
+	resource.type = desc.type;
+	resource.usage = desc.usage;
+	resource.size = desc.size;
+	buffers_[handle] = resource;
+
+	ARE_LOG_DEBUG("Buffer created: " + std::to_string(handle) + " size: " + std::to_string(desc.size));
+	return handle;
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::update_buffer(BufferHandle handle, size_t offset, size_t size, const void *data) {
+	auto it = buffers_.find(handle);
+	if (it == buffers_.end()) {
+		ARE_LOG_ERROR("Attempting to update unknown buffer: " + std::to_string(handle));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	GLenum gl_type = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+	switch (it->second.type) {
+	case BufferType::VERTEX_BUFFER:
+		gl_type = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	case BufferType::INDEX_BUFFER:
+		gl_type = GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	case BufferType::UNIFORM_BUFFER:
+		gl_type = GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	case BufferType::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER:
+		gl_type = GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	default:
+		gl_type = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	glBindBuffer(gl_type, handle);
+	glBufferSubData(gl_type, offset, size, data);
+	glBindBuffer(gl_type, 0);
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::destroy_buffer(BufferHandle handle) {
+	auto it = buffers_.find(handle);
+	if (it == buffers_.end()) {
+		ARE_LOG_WARN("Attempting to destroy unknown buffer: " + std::to_string(handle));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	glDeleteBuffers(1, &it->second.gl_handle);
+	buffers_.erase(it);
+	ARE_LOG_DEBUG("Buffer destroyed: " + std::to_string(handle));
+}
+
+// === Framebuffer Management ===
+
+FramebufferHandle ResourceManager::create_framebuffer(const FramebufferDescription &desc) {
+	FramebufferHandle fbo;
+	glGenFramebuffers(1, &fbo);
+	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);
+
+	FramebufferResource resource;
+	resource.gl_handle = fbo;
+	resource.width = desc.width;
+	resource.height = desc.height;
+
+	// Create color attachments
+	for (uint i = 0; i < desc.color_attachment_count; ++i) {
+		TextureDescription tex_desc;
+		tex_desc.width = desc.width;
+		tex_desc.height = desc.height;
+		tex_desc.format = TextureFormat::RGBA32F;
+		tex_desc.filter = TextureFilter::NEAREST;
+		tex_desc.wrap = TextureWrap::CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+
+		TextureHandle color_tex = create_texture(tex_desc);
+		glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i,
+			GL_TEXTURE_2D, color_tex, 0);
+
+		resource.color_attachments.push_back(color_tex);
+	}
+
+	// Create depth attachment if requested
+	if (desc.create_depth) {
+		TextureDescription depth_desc;
+		depth_desc.width = desc.width;
+		depth_desc.height = desc.height;
+		depth_desc.format = TextureFormat::DEPTH24_STENCIL8;
+		depth_desc.filter = TextureFilter::NEAREST;
+		depth_desc.wrap = TextureWrap::CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+
+		TextureHandle depth_tex = create_texture(depth_desc);
+		glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
+			GL_TEXTURE_2D, depth_tex, 0);
+
+		resource.depth_attachment = depth_tex;
+	}
+
+	// Set draw buffers if color attachments exist
+	if (desc.color_attachment_count > 0) {
+		std::vector<GLenum> draw_buffers(desc.color_attachment_count);
+		for (uint i = 0; i < desc.color_attachment_count; ++i) {
+			draw_buffers[i] = GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i;
+		}
+		glDrawBuffers(desc.color_attachment_count, draw_buffers.data());
+	}
+
+	// Check completeness
+	if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
+		ARE_LOG_ERROR("Framebuffer is not complete!");
+		glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+		destroy_framebuffer(fbo);
+		return INVALID_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+
+	framebuffers_[fbo] = resource;
+
+	ARE_LOG_DEBUG("Framebuffer created: " + std::to_string(fbo));
+	return fbo;
+}
+
+TextureHandle ResourceManager::get_framebuffer_color_attachment(FramebufferHandle fbo, uint index) {
+	auto it = framebuffers_.find(fbo);
+	if (it == framebuffers_.end()) {
+		ARE_LOG_ERROR("Invalid framebuffer handle: " + std::to_string(fbo));
+		return INVALID_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	if (index >= it->second.color_attachments.size()) {
+		ARE_LOG_ERROR("Color attachment index out of range: " + std::to_string(index));
+		return INVALID_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	return it->second.color_attachments[index];
+}
+
+TextureHandle ResourceManager::get_framebuffer_depth_attachment(FramebufferHandle fbo) {
+	auto it = framebuffers_.find(fbo);
+	if (it == framebuffers_.end()) {
+		ARE_LOG_ERROR("Invalid framebuffer handle: " + std::to_string(fbo));
+		return INVALID_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	return it->second.depth_attachment;
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::destroy_framebuffer(FramebufferHandle fbo) {
+	auto it = framebuffers_.find(fbo);
+	if (it == framebuffers_.end()) {
+		ARE_LOG_WARN("Attempting to destroy unknown framebuffer: " + std::to_string(fbo));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// Destroy color attachments
+	for (auto &color_tex : it->second.color_attachments) {
+		destroy_texture(color_tex);
+	}
+
+	// Destroy depth attachment
+	if (it->second.depth_attachment != INVALID_HANDLE) {
+		destroy_texture(it->second.depth_attachment);
+	}
+
+	glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &it->second.gl_handle);
+	framebuffers_.erase(it);
+	ARE_LOG_DEBUG("Framebuffer destroyed: " + std::to_string(fbo));
+}
+
+// === Texture Array Management ===
+
+TextureHandle ResourceManager::create_texture_array(const TextureArrayDescription &desc) {
+	if (desc.textures.empty()) {
+		ARE_LOG_WARN("Creating empty texture array");
+		return INVALID_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	// Get dimensions from first texture
+	int tex_width = desc.textures[0]->get_width();
+	int tex_height = desc.textures[0]->get_height();
+
+	// Create texture array
+	GLuint tex_array;
+	glGenTextures(1, &tex_array);
+	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, tex_array);
+
+	// Allocate storage
+	glTexImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, 0, GL_RGBA8, tex_width, tex_height,
+		static_cast<int>(desc.textures.size()), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, nullptr);
+
+	// Copy each texture to array layer
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < desc.textures.size(); ++i) {
+		auto &tex = desc.textures[i];
+		GLuint tex_handle = tex->get_handle();
+
+		if (tex_handle == 0)
+			continue;
+
+		TextureFormat orig_format = tex->get_format();
+		int orig_width = tex->get_width();
+		int orig_height = tex->get_height();
+
+		// Get format for reading
+		GLenum orig_gl_format = GL_RGBA;
+		int channels = 4;
+		switch (orig_format) {
+		case TextureFormat::R8:
+			orig_gl_format = GL_RED;
+			channels = 1;
+			break;
+		case TextureFormat::RG8:
+			orig_gl_format = GL_RG;
+			channels = 2;
+			break;
+		case TextureFormat::RGB8:
+			orig_gl_format = GL_RGB;
+			channels = 3;
+			break;
+		case TextureFormat::RGBA8:
+			orig_gl_format = GL_RGBA;
+			channels = 4;
+			break;
+		default:
+			orig_gl_format = GL_RGBA;
+			channels = 4;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		// Read texture data
+		std::vector<uint8_t> orig_pixels(orig_width * orig_height * channels);
+		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex_handle);
+		glGetTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, orig_gl_format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, orig_pixels.data());
+		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+
+		// Convert to RGBA
+		std::vector<uint8_t> pixels(orig_width * orig_height * 4, 255);
+		for (int y = 0; y < orig_height; ++y) {
+			for (int x = 0; x < orig_width; ++x) {
+				int src_idx = (y * orig_width + x) * channels;
+				int dst_idx = (y * orig_width + x) * 4;
+				pixels[dst_idx + 0] = orig_pixels[src_idx + 0];
+				pixels[dst_idx + 1] = (channels >= 2) ? orig_pixels[src_idx + 1] : orig_pixels[src_idx + 0];
+				pixels[dst_idx + 2] = (channels >= 3) ? orig_pixels[src_idx + 2] : orig_pixels[src_idx + 0];
+				pixels[dst_idx + 3] = (channels >= 4) ? orig_pixels[src_idx + 3] : 255;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Upload to array layer
+		glTexSubImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, 0, 0, 0, static_cast<int>(i),
+			tex_width, tex_height, 1, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels.data());
+	}
+
+	// Set filter
+	GLenum gl_min_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+	GLenum gl_mag_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+	switch (desc.filter) {
+	case TextureFilter::NEAREST:
+		gl_min_filter = GL_NEAREST;
+		gl_mag_filter = GL_NEAREST;
+		break;
+	case TextureFilter::LINEAR:
+		gl_min_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+		gl_mag_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+		break;
+	default:
+		gl_min_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+		gl_mag_filter = GL_LINEAR;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl_min_filter);
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl_mag_filter);
+
+	// Set wrap
+	GLenum gl_wrap = GL_REPEAT;
+	switch (desc.wrap) {
+	case TextureWrap::REPEAT:
+		gl_wrap = GL_REPEAT;
+		break;
+	case TextureWrap::CLAMP_TO_EDGE:
+		gl_wrap = GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+		break;
+	default:
+		gl_wrap = GL_REPEAT;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl_wrap);
+	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl_wrap);
+
+	glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY);
+
+	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, 0);
+
+	TextureResource resource;
+	resource.gl_handle = tex_array;
+	resource.width = tex_width;
+	resource.height = tex_height;
+	resource.format = TextureFormat::RGBA8;
+	textures_[tex_array] = resource;
+
+	ARE_LOG_DEBUG("Texture array created: " + std::to_string(tex_array) + " layers: " + std::to_string(desc.textures.size()));
+	return tex_array;
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::destroy_texture_array(TextureHandle handle) {
+	destroy_texture(handle);
+}
+
+// === VAO Management ===
+
+VertexArrayHandle ResourceManager::create_vertex_array() {
+	VertexArrayHandle vao;
+	glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+	ARE_LOG_DEBUG("Vertex array created: " + std::to_string(vao));
+	return vao;
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::destroy_vertex_array(VertexArrayHandle vao) {
+	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+	ARE_LOG_DEBUG("Vertex array destroyed: " + std::to_string(vao));
+}
+
+// === Binding Management ===
+
+void ResourceManager::bind_buffer(BufferHandle buffer, uint binding_point) {
+	auto it = buffers_.find(buffer);
+	if (it == buffers_.end()) {
+		ARE_LOG_ERROR("Attempting to bind unknown buffer: " + std::to_string(buffer));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	GLenum gl_type = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+	switch (it->second.type) {
+	case BufferType::UNIFORM_BUFFER:
+		gl_type = GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	case BufferType::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER:
+		gl_type = GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER;
+		break;
+	default:
+		ARE_LOG_ERROR("Buffer type not supported for bind_buffer");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	glBindBufferBase(gl_type, binding_point, buffer);
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::bind_image_texture(TextureHandle texture, uint binding, bool read, bool write) {
+	GLenum access = GL_READ_ONLY;
+	if (read && write) {
+		access = GL_READ_WRITE;
+	} else if (write) {
+		access = GL_WRITE_ONLY;
+	}
+
+	glBindImageTexture(binding, texture, 0, GL_FALSE, 0, access, GL_RGBA32F);
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::bind_texture_to_unit(TextureHandle texture, uint unit) {
+	glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + unit);
+	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+}
+
+// === Query ===
+
+bool ResourceManager::is_texture_valid(TextureHandle handle) const {
+	return textures_.find(handle) != textures_.end();
+}
+
+bool ResourceManager::is_buffer_valid(BufferHandle handle) const {
+	return buffers_.find(handle) != buffers_.end();
+}
+
+bool ResourceManager::is_framebuffer_valid(FramebufferHandle handle) const {
+	return framebuffers_.find(handle) != framebuffers_.end();
+}
+
+} // namespace are

src/resource/shader.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "resource/shader.h"
 #include "utils/logger.h"
-#include "basic/math.h"  // 修改为math.h
+#include "basic/math.h"
 #include <glad/glad.h>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <sstream>
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Shader::Shader(Shader&& other) noexcept
 }
 
 Shader::~Shader() {
-    // Don't auto-release, let user control lifetime
+    release();
 }
 
 Shader& Shader::operator=(Shader&& other) noexcept {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ bool Shader::compile_compute(const std::string& compute_source) {
     return success;
 }
 
-void Shader::use() const {  // 改为const
+void Shader::use() const {
     if (handle_ != INVALID_HANDLE) {
         glUseProgram(handle_);
     }
@@ -102,50 +102,50 @@ void Shader::release() {
     uniform_cache_.clear();
 }
 
-void Shader::set_bool(const std::string& name, bool value) const {  // 新增
+void Shader::set_bool(const std::string& name, bool value) const {
     glUniform1i(get_uniform_location_(name), static_cast<int>(value));
 }
 
-void Shader::set_int(const std::string& name, int value) const {  // 改为const
+void Shader::set_int(const std::string& name, int value) const {
     glUniform1i(get_uniform_location_(name), value);
 }
 
-void Shader::set_uint(const std::string& name, uint value) const {  // 改为const
+void Shader::set_uint(const std::string& name, uint value) const {
     glUniform1ui(get_uniform_location_(name), value);
 }
 
-void Shader::set_float(const std::string& name, float value) const {  // 改为const
+void Shader::set_float(const std::string& name, float value) const {
     glUniform1f(get_uniform_location_(name), value);
 }
 
-void Shader::set_vec2(const std::string& name, const Vec2& value) const {  // 改为const
+void Shader::set_vec2(const std::string& name, const Vec2& value) const {
     glUniform2fv(get_uniform_location_(name), 1, &value[0]);
 }
 
-void Shader::set_vec3(const std::string& name, const Vec3& value) const {  // 改为const
+void Shader::set_vec3(const std::string& name, const Vec3& value) const {
     glUniform3fv(get_uniform_location_(name), 1, &value[0]);
 }
 
-void Shader::set_vec4(const std::string& name, const Vec4& value) const {  // 改为const
+void Shader::set_vec4(const std::string& name, const Vec4& value) const {
     glUniform4fv(get_uniform_location_(name), 1, &value[0]);
 }
 
-void Shader::set_mat3(const std::string& name, const Mat3& value) const {  // 改为const
+void Shader::set_mat3(const std::string& name, const Mat3& value) const {
     glUniformMatrix3fv(get_uniform_location_(name), 1, GL_FALSE, &value[0][0]);
 }
 
-void Shader::set_mat4(const std::string& name, const Mat4& value) const {  // 改为const
+void Shader::set_mat4(const std::string& name, const Mat4& value) const {
     glUniformMatrix4fv(get_uniform_location_(name), 1, GL_FALSE, MathUtils::value_ptr(value));
 }
 
-int Shader::get_uniform_location_(const std::string& name) const {  // 改为const
+int Shader::get_uniform_location_(const std::string& name) const {
     auto it = uniform_cache_.find(name);
     if (it != uniform_cache_.end()) {
         return it->second;
     }
     
     int location = glGetUniformLocation(handle_, name.c_str());
-    uniform_cache_[name] = location;  // mutable允许修改
+    uniform_cache_[name] = location;
     
     if (location == -1) {
         ARE_LOG_WARN("Uniform '" + name + "' not found in shader");

src/scene/mesh.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "scene/mesh.h"
+#include "resource/resource_manager.h"
 #include "utils/logger.h"
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <glad/glad.h>
@@ -52,21 +53,29 @@ bool Mesh::upload_to_gpu() {
 		return false;
 	}
 
+	ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+
 	// Generate VAO
-	glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
+	vao_ = rm.create_vertex_array();
 	glBindVertexArray(vao_);
 
 	// Generate and upload VBO
-	glGenBuffers(1, &vbo_);
+	BufferDescription vbo_desc;
+	vbo_desc.type = BufferType::VERTEX_BUFFER;
+	vbo_desc.usage = BufferUsage::STATIC_DRAW;
+	vbo_desc.size = vertices_.size() * sizeof(Vertex);
+	vbo_desc.data = vertices_.data();
+	vbo_ = rm.create_buffer(vbo_desc);
 	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo_);
-	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices_.size() * sizeof(Vertex),
-		vertices_.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
 	// Generate and upload EBO
-	glGenBuffers(1, &ebo_);
+	BufferDescription ebo_desc;
+	ebo_desc.type = BufferType::INDEX_BUFFER;
+	ebo_desc.usage = BufferUsage::STATIC_DRAW;
+	ebo_desc.size = indices_.size() * sizeof(uint);
+	ebo_desc.data = indices_.data();
+	ebo_ = rm.create_buffer(ebo_desc);
 	glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo_);
-	glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices_.size() * sizeof(uint),
-		indices_.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
 	// Set vertex attributes
 	// Location 0: Position
@@ -100,18 +109,20 @@ void Mesh::release_gpu_resources() {
 	if (!uploaded_)
 		return;
 
+	ResourceManager &rm = ResourceManager::instance();
+
 	if (vao_ != 0) {
-		glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
+		rm.destroy_vertex_array(vao_);
 		vao_ = 0;
 	}
 
 	if (vbo_ != 0) {
-		glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo_);
+		rm.destroy_buffer(vbo_);
 		vbo_ = 0;
 	}
 
 	if (ebo_ != 0) {
-		glDeleteBuffers(1, &ebo_);
+		rm.destroy_buffer(ebo_);
 		ebo_ = 0;
 	}